Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
©
William Herring, MD, FACR
Primary
Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
1° Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Patterns
Pneumonia
Adenopathy
Atelectasis
Pleural effusion
Primary Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Upper lobes affected slightly more than lower
Pneumonia common
Cavitation is rare
Lobar pneumonia almost always associated with
lymphadenopathy
Infiltrate + ipsilateral adenopathy–think TB
Primary Tuberculosis
Adenopathy
Unilateral hilar and/or paratracheal
Usually right-sided
Rarely bilateral
Differentiates 1° from 2°—does not
occur in postprimary TB
Adenopathy much more common in
children
Unilateral Hilar and Mediastinal
Adenopathy from Primary TB
Primary Tuberculosis
Atelectasis
Classically affects anterior segments
of upper lobes, or
Medial segment of the RML
Primary Tuberculosis
Pleural Manifestations
Effusion as a manifestation of 1° TB
more common in adults than children
Left Pleural Effusion from Primary TB
Primary Tuberculosis
General
Calcification in 1° complex is overall
relatively rare
Few patients with 1° TB have clinical
manifestations
Postprimary
Tuberculosis
Reactivation TB
Reactivation TB
General
Most cases in adults occur as reactivation of
1°
focus of infection acquired in childhood
Caseous necrosis and tubercle are pathologic
hallmarks of post 1° TB
Tubercle=accumulations of mononuclear
macrophages, Langhan’s giant cells
surrounded by lymphocytes/fibroblasts
Reactivation TB
General
Healing occurs with fibrosis and
contraction
Calcification is rarer than in 1°
Limited mainly to apical and posterior
segments of upper lobes and superior
segments of lower lobe
Reactivation TB
Patterns
Pneumonia
Cavity formation
Transbronchial spread
Bronchiectasis
Bronchostenosis
Pleural disease
Tuberculoma
Bone involvement
Reactivation TB
Patterns
Affects apical or posterior segments of
upper lobes or superior segments of lower
lobes
Bilateral upper lobe disease is very
common
May present as pneumonia
Cavitation may result
Cavity is usually thin-walled, smooth on inner
margin with no air-fluid level
Bilateral Upper Lobe Cavitary Disease with
Transbronchial Spread to Lingula
Reactivation TB
Patterns
Transbronchial spread may occur—from
one upper lobe to opposite lower
Bronchiectasis—usually asymptomatic
Bronchostenosis due to fibrosis and
stricture
Fibrosis may cause distortion of a bronchus
and atelectasis many years after initial
infection=“middle lobe syndrome”
Cavitary RUL TB with Transbronchial
Spread to LLL
Reactivation TB
Patterns
Pleural effusion in postprimary TB
Almost always means direct spread of disease
in to pleural cavity
Should be regarded as an empyema
Carries a graver prognosis than effusion of 1°
form
Direct extension into ribs or
sternoclavicular joints is uncommon
Solitary pulmonary nodule
Tuberculoma
May occur in either 1° or postprimary
disease
Round or oval lesions with small, discrete
shadows in immediate vicinity of
lesion=“satellite” lesion
Reactivation TB
Patterns
Miliary
Tuberculosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
General
Hematogenous dissemination of bacilli
common in 1° TB but clinically evident
miliary TB rarely occurs
May not manifest itself for many years
after infection
Older men, Blacks and pregnant women
susceptible
Onset is insidious
Fever, chills, night sweats are common
Takes weeks between time of
dissemination and radiographic
appearance of disease
Miliary Tuberculosis
Clinical
Miliary Tuberculosis
Natural History
When first visible, measure about 1 mm in
size
Frequently missed on first films
Can grow to 2-3mm if left untreated
When treated, clearing is rapid
Miliary TB does NOT heal with calcification
CT of Miliary TB
Calcification in TB
3 Funny Names
Ghon lesion=calcified granuloma
Ranke complex=Ghon
lesion+calcified lymph node
Simon focus=healed site of 1°
infection at lung apex
Calcified Hilar Lymph Node and Peripheral
Granuloma
TB and Other Diseases
Occurs with a higher incidence in sarcoid-
especially if rx with steroids
Associated with silicosis
Associated with HIV infection
No relationship with bronchogenic Ca
TB and AIDS
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI)
is more common than TB
TB in AIDS looks like 1° form
Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy
common
Cavitation less common
No predilection for apices
TB:The Question of Activity
Only serial images with no change can
suggest lack of activity–2 years
In presence of cavities, activity must be
determined clinically
Tuberculosis
Ancient Remedies
Rest Theory
“Ping-pong ball” plumbage
Paraffin plumbage
Oleothorax
Pneumothorax and
pneumoperitoneum
Thoracoplasty
“Ping-Pong Ball” Plombage in Right Upper
Lobe
Left-sided Thoracoplasty for TB
The End